What is Kyphosis?

Kyphosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine that causes rounding of the upper back or a “hunchback”. The thoracic region in the spine normally has a C-shaped curve, but when it develops an excessive forward curve, it can lead to kyphosis. Kyphosis typically affects the thoracic spine but may also affect the cervical and lumbar spine.

Spine Anatomy

The spine is made up of bones called vertebrae which are connected to each other through muscles and ligaments. Between the vertebrae lie soft, flat discs that provide cushioning and support to the vertebrae and prevent friction between them. This entire arrangement with the bones, discs, muscles, and ligaments forms the vertebral column, which provides protection to the spinal cord from the brain down to the base of the spine.

The spine is divided into three different regions:

Cervical spine, or neck region
Thoracic spine, or upper back
Lumbar spine, or lower back

What are the Causes of Kyphosis in Children?

Kyphosis can develop due to a genetic defect or may be hereditary. Other medical conditions that may cause kyphosis in children include:

Neuromuscular anomalies such as spina bifida or cerebral palsy
Trauma resulting in a spinal fracture
Spinal tumors, either cancerous or benign
Bone infections such as osteomyelitis in the spine

What are the Types of Kyphosis in Children?

The different types of kyphosis in children include:

Congenital Kyphosis

This is present from birth. It occurs when the child’s spine does not develop properly in the uterus. It is not always obvious at birth and becomes more visible as the child begins to grow.

Postural Kyphosis

This occurs due to improper posture and becomes prominent in adolescence. It is common in children but is usually not very severe. Postural kyphosis can be corrected by following a correct sitting, standing, and walking posture, physical therapy, and wearing a back or spine brace.

Juvenile Kyphosis - also called Scheuermann’s Kyphosis

This is an advanced form of postural kyphosis. It occurs due to the abnormal triangulation of multiple vertebrae in the thoracic spine instead of the normal rectangular shape. The wedge-like shape bends the spine forward at a sharp angle. It is very difficult for a child with this condition to stand up straight.

What are the Symptoms of Kyphosis in Children?

A classic symptom of kyphosis in children is a hunched back. The other symptoms of kyphosis in children may include:

Head tends to bend forward
Discrepancy in the height or position of the shoulder or scapulae
Excessive rounding of the shoulders

Children with severe kyphosis may exhibit the following symptoms:

Back pain and stiffness
Difficulty breathing
Tightness in the hamstring muscles present at the back of the thigh
Excessive weakness and fatigue

How is Kyphosis in Children Diagnosed?

A spine specialist or a pediatric surgeon should be consulted to diagnose kyphosis in children. During the check-up, the doctor will review your child’s history and symptoms. A thorough physical examination is performed to assess range of motion in the neck, shoulder, and lower back. Muscle strength and sensation may also be tested to rule out other abnormalities. Depending on the child’s age and health condition, the doctor may also order an X-ray, CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound to confirm the diagnosis of kyphosis.

What are the Treatment Options for Kyphosis in Children?

Kyphosis in children can be treated through either a conservative approach or surgery. The treatment aims to normalize the spine and promote natural growth and development. The doctor decides the treatment based on the child’s age and severity of the condition.

Non-Surgical Treatment

The first line of treatment for kyphosis in children is conservative management. This includes:

Use of a spinal brace to correct spine curvature
Use of orthoses to provide stability and walking assistance
Exercises and physical therapy to gain mobility and muscle strength

Surgical Management

Surgery is recommended for children who do not respond well to conservative therapy or those with severe kyphosis. It is usually performed under general anesthesia through small incisions in the back. The surgery aims to straighten the spine. The commonly performed surgical procedures include:

Spine Fusion

This is performed to join the vertebrae together to form a solid bone. Metal screws, rods, or plates are used to hold the vertebrae in place during the fusion.

Spine Osteotomy

This involves excising or cutting out a portion of the vertebral column to allow for correction of the spinal malalignment.